Purpose/Significance To analyze the current status of residents’ health literacy levels in China in the context of new media environment, and to explore the pathways to continuously improve residents’ health literacy. Method/Process The monitoring data of residents’ health literacy from 2012 to 2022 are collected and an empirical research is carried out based on literature analysis. Result/Conclusion Although the health literacy level of Chinese residents shows a stable upward trend, there are still phenomena such as unbalanced development and a gap between knowledge and action. In the new media environment, health information dissemination should use big data and artificial intelligence (AI) to implement accurate health information dissemination, optimize health behaviors, establish health information evaluation standards and systems, and strengthen the supervision of new media health information dissemination.