Taking the privacy protection system of patient medical data in China as the study object, the paper analyzes the characteristics of its current situation and the challenges it is facing. The research finds out that an institutional framework system of privacy security of patient healthcare and medical data covering legal system, policy documents, regulations of ministries and commissions and national standards has been formulated in the country. The framework system has taken on characteristics of clearer contents of the regulations and stronger guiding significance of the measures. However, it still faces challenges in system specificity and operability, privacy boundary normalization of medical data, integration of regulations, measures and practices and other aspects.