Purpose/Significance To discuss the issues of scientific data ownership in the realm of health in China, so as to provide theoretical references for the policy formulation of open sharing and flow of scientific data. Method/Process By exploring data rights based on data types, the study preliminarily constructs a data rights system, proposes a data rights distribution model, and examines the rights transfer process from the perspective of the data value chain. Result/Conclusion A rights system centered on data property rights, personal rights and regulatory rights is established. An “inherent rights + transferable rights” data rights distribution model is proposed and it has been implemented within the data value chain.