Purpose/Significance To discuss the theoretical framework of medical scientific data sharing, and to analyze the current challenges faced in practice, so as to provide policy recommendations for promoting the effective sharing of medical scientific data. Method/Process Firstly, the theoretical framework of medical scientific data sharing is constructed, and the concept, characteristic, motivation, development principle, and value significance are analyzed. Secondly, the current practice status of medical scientific data sharing in china is analyzed. Finally, the challenges currently faced by the practice of medical scientific data sharing are analyzed from the perspectives of data silos, privacy protection, responsibility attribution, and property rights identification. Result/Conclusion Some targeted policy recommendations are proposed, including the establishment of a unified data-sharing platform, the formulation of standardized sharing policies, the construction of a reasonable incentive mechanism, and the strengthening of training for the personnel who work for data sharing, to promote the effective sharing of medical scientific data.