Purpose/Significance To explore the impact of technology anxiety on health promotion behaviors of the elderly and its underlying mechanism. Method/Process A survey is conducted among 659 elderly individuals from three communities in Bengbu city using the technology anxiety scale, health information literacy scale, self-efficacy scale, and health promotion behavior scale. Result/Conclusion Technology anxiety has a significant positive impact on health promotion behaviors. Health information literacy plays a partial mediating role in it, and the direct effect is also significant. Self-efficacy significantly moderates the second half of the mediation process. Simple slope analysis shows that when the level of self-efficacy increases, the promoting effect of health information literacy on health promotion behaviors weakens or even turns negative.